Key Features
Hortatory Exposition Texts Social
Function:
To persuade the readers or
listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic Structure:
· Thesis :
Announcement or issue of concern
· Argument :
Reasons for concern, leading to recommendation
· Recommendation :
Statement of what ought or ought not to happen
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features:
1.
Focus on generic human and non-human participants, except for speaker or
writer referring to self.
2.
Use of:
· Mental
Processes :
to state what writer thinks or feels about issue e.g. realise, feel,
appreciate.
· Material
Processes : to state what happens e.g. is polluting, drive, travel, spend,
should be treated
· Relational
Processes : to state
what is or what should be
· Use of simple
present tense.
TASK 1
In this
activity, you will have to read two texts. Make necessary notes of their key
features. It may facilitate you in doing the other tasks. Enjoy it.
Text 1
In
all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol there doesn’t seem to
have been any mention of difference between driving in the city and the
country.
While
I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel
that when you travel through the country, where you only see another car every
five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is
concentrated on city roads.
Those
who want to penalise older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don’t seem
to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back
upon and one’s own vehicle is the only way to get about.
I
feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the
nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be
treated differently to the people who live in the city.
(Source:
Gerot, L., & Wignell, P. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar).
Generic
Structure Analysis
· Thesis ;
paragraph 1 (the removal of lead from petrol)
· Argument
1 ;
paragraph 2 (different petrol car crowd in city and country)
· Argument
2 ;
paragraph 3 (punishment to the old car is not followed by an increase in
public
transportation in the country)
· Recommendation ;
paragraph 4 (the old car should be treated differently dealing with the region
(country/city))
Language
Feature Analysis
Focusing on
the
writer :
using the first personal pronoun "I"
Using
abstract
noun ;
discussion
Using action
verb :
treat,
Using
thinking
verb ;
think, seem
Using
passive
voice ;
should be treated differently
Using simple
present tense ; there doesn't seem…, there
is no public transport.., etc
Text 2
The Impact of Tsunami
The
Asian 2004 tsunami was probably the worst natural disaster in human memory
because of the numbers of people affected. Many studies have been written about
its impact on human life, communities and livelihoods. In this context, the
fisheries sector has featured prominently as one of the areas most affected by
the disaster. This study focuses on the issue whether or not fishery resources
were affected by the tsunami, particularly in Indonesia and Sri Lanka, the two
most impacted countries. The answer to this question is fundamental to promote
necessary efforts to recover fishery livelihoods in the regions.
Data
from the Aceh Province Fisheries Statistics Yearbooks (1995–2005 shows there
was a general decrease then an increase in the overall number of boats from
1994 to 2004, but part of this was attributable to switching from many small
boats to a smaller number of larger boats with inboard engines. Using only data
on total number of boats, not the details of their capacity, the catch per boat
increases from 4.4 tonnes/boat/year in 1994 to 8.4 tonnes/boat/year in 1998.
Between 2002 and 2004 catch per boat decreased while the number of boats
increased and production fluctuated. The number of vessels and the catch per
vessel are almost mirror images and the best catches over the past decade
tended to occur when the total number of boats was below 15 000.
Minimal
provincial fisheries data are available for the period since the tsunami, but
at Lampulo, Banda Aceh, it was possible to obtain some monthly data on catch,
catch per boat, trips and number of boats between February 2004 and May 2006.
These data show that catch per boat and total catch actually increased in 2005
and 2006 compared with 2004. This is considered to be related to the reduced
number of boats and fishing trips after the disaster.
The
quantity and productivity of marine fish resources in Sri Lanka is driven by
the presence of a narrow continental shelf and the lack of significant areas of
upwelling. Between 1977 and 1980, acoustic surveys of coastal waters were
undertaken4 to estimate a potential yield of about 250_000 tonnes/ year. The
yearly data give a good picture of how the fisheries were behaving over longer time
frames before the tsunami. The monthly catch data show significant seasonal
patterns that tend to repeat over the years and different responses to the
tsunami which can be highlighted as follows:
Monthly
total catches in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, quickly rebounded after February/March
2005 so that catches were back in the normal range for that time of year. At
Ampara catches rebounded but not back to the monthly equivalent levels of 2004.
For
small pelagic species one district showed an increase in catches after the
tsunami, two districts had lower catches a year after the tsunami, while four
districts showed no difference in catches and a continuation of long-term
trends within a few months of the tsunami.
The
available evidence shows that overall, impacts of the tsunami on fisheries are
more related to ongoing and new tsunami-related “human” factors, rather than
the physical or biological effects of the disaster on resources and ecosystems.
That is, existing overexploitation trends had already brought many of the
fisheries under severe stress before the tsunami. (Adapted from http://www.fao.org/3/a-ai000e.pdf
Generic
Structure Analysis
· Thesis ;
paragraph 1
(whether or
not fishery resources were affected by the tsunami)
· Arguments ;
paragraph 2-6 (catch per boat and total catch actually increased in 2005 and
2006 compared with 2004, catches were back in the normal range for 2005, two
districts had lower catches a year after the tsunami, while four districts
showed no difference in catches)
· Reiteration ;
paragraph 7
Language
Feature Analysis
Focusing on
the non-human participants :
using the data
Using
abstract
noun ;
impact
Using
passive
voice ;
is considered, be related, is driven
Using simple
present
tense ;
the available evidence shows that overall, Monthly
total catches
in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka
Can you
identify the two texts above? Are they, both, hortatory exposition texts? Well,
to confirm it you’d better watch the video available in below
I think the
first text is absolutely a hortatory exposition, but I have any difficulties in
analyzing the second text, I guess it is analytical text because of the last
paragraph.
PART 2:
IDENTIFYING HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXTS
TASK 2
Now read the
text below and identify whether or not its generic structure is similar with
that of the two previous texts. Write your notes of identification in a table
available below.
Text 3
The Need for a Youth-Centered Tobacco Control Policy
(1) Use of tobacco products is the nation's deadliest
addiction.
Smoking
cigarettes is the leading cause of avoidable death in the United States. More
than 400,000 people die prematurely each year from diseases attributable to
tobacco use. The toll of deaths attributable to tobacco use is greater than the
combined toll of deaths from AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, suicides, homicides,
fires, and illegal drugs.
(2) Smoking is the main cause of 87% of deaths from lung
cancer, 30% of all cancer deaths, 82% of deaths from pulmonary disease, and 21%
of deaths from chronic heart disease. Use of smokeless tobacco is a cause of
oral cancer. In a study of women who did not smoke but did use snuff
chronically, the risk for oral cancers was 50 times greater than for nonusers.
(3) According to a recent estimate by the Office of
Technology Assessment, each smoker who died in 1990 as a result of his or her
smoking, on average, would have lived at least 15 additional years if a
non-smoker. For the population at large, this premature mortality translates
into 6 million years of potential life lost each year.
(4) It is difficult, of course, to calculate a dollar
value for the human costs of tobacco-related diseases. The suffering of
patients and families resulting from tobacco-related morbidity and mortality is
unquantifiable. Lost productivity and health care expenditures can be
quantified, but the magnitude of the estimates depends on a variety of
theoretical and technical questions, including whether the costs of health care
should be offset by the "savings" in social security expenditures and
health care costs not incurred because people died prematurely.
(5) The Office of Technology Assessment put the social
cost of smoking in 1990 at $68 billion. This high-end estimate includes $20.8
billion in direct health costs, $6.9 billion in lost productivity attributable
to smoking-related disability, and $40.3 billion in lost productivity attributable
to smoking-related premature deaths. Whatever its total magnitude, the social
cost of smoking is substantial. Even based on conservative assumptions,
expected lifetime medical expenditures of the average smoker exceed those of
the average non-smoker by 28% for men and 21% for women. Each year, decisions
by more than I million youths to become regular smokers commit the health care
system to $8.2 billion in extra medical expenditures over their lifetimes
(6) The nation has a compelling interest in reducing the
social burden of tobacco use. This can be accomplished by preventing people
from starting to use tobacco and by getting users to quit. The premise of this
report is that, in the long run, tobacco use can be most efficiently reduced
through a youth-centred policy aimed at preventing children and adolescents
from initiating tobacco use. Moreover, because the prevalence of tobacco use
among youths has remained stubbornly constant for 10 years, and may even be
rising, a youth-centred prevention policy must be aggressively implemented if
tobacco-related morbidity and mortality are to be significantly reduced
(Adapted
from https://www.nap.edu/read/4757/chapter/3)
Thesis :
Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of avoidable death in the United
States.
No
|
Text Resource
|
Identification
|
1
|
Text 1
The removal lead of petrol
|
Purposes :
To present opinion that the removal lead of petrol should not be done because
of the using of car in country
Generic
Structure Analysis
· Thesis ;
paragraph 1 (the removal of lead from petrol)
· Argument
1 ;
paragraph 2 (different petrol car crowd in city and country)
· Argument
2 ;
paragraph 3 (punishment to the old car is not followed by an increase in
public transportation in the country)
· Recommendation ;
paragraph 4 (the old car should be treated differently dealing with the
region (country/city))
Language
Feature Analysis
Focusing
on the writer :
using the first personal pronoun "I"
Using
abstract
noun ;
discussion
Using
action
verb :
treat,
Using
thinking
verb ;
think, seem
Using
passive
voice ;
should be treated differently
Using
simple present tense ; there doesn't
seem…, there is no public transport.., etc
|
Text 2: The Impact of Tsunami
|
Purpose :
to attempt to persuade the reader to believe something by presenting one side
of the argument.
Generic
Structure Analysis
· Thesis ;
paragraph 1
(whether
or not fishery resources were affected by the tsunami)
· Arguments ;
paragraph 2-6 (catch per boat and total catch actually increased in 2005 and
2006 compared with 2004, catches were back in the normal range for 2005, two
districts had lower catches a year after the tsunami, while four districts
showed no difference in catches)
· Reiteration ;
paragraph 7
Language
Feature Analysis
Focusing on
the non-human participants :
using the data
Using
abstract
noun ;
impact
Using
passive
voice ;
is considered, be related, is driven
Using
simple present tense ;
the available evidence shows that overall, Monthly total catches
in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka
|
|
3
|
Text 3: The Need for a
Youth-centered Tobacco ControlPolicy
|
Purpose : To persuade the readers
to pay attention for a youth-centred prevention policy must be aggressively
implemented.
Generic
Structure Analysis
· Thesis ;
paragraph 1 (Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of avoidable death in
the United States)
· Argument 1 ;
paragraph 2 (Smoking is the main cause of deadly disease)
· Argument
2 ;
paragraph 3 (each smoker who died in 1990 as a result of his or her smoking)
· Argument
3 :
paragraph 4 and 5 (many costs are wasted because of cigarettes)
· Recommendation ;
paragraph 6 (a youth-centred prevention policy must be aggressively
implemented
Language
Feature Analysis
Focusing
the non-human participants :
using smoking.
Using
passive voice ;
must be aggressively implemented
Using simple present
tense ; The nation has a compelling
interest ,etc
|
Conclusion : Based
on the identification above, it shows us that the first and third text are
hortatory exposition while the second text is an analytical exposition.
|
||
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